The Depression and the Nazis

How did the Depression Help the Nazis?

After reading pages 191-194, do you agree with Goebbels' view that people rallied to support Hitler for positive reasons - or do you think that Gordon Craig (bottom, pg. 193"negative cohesion") was right that people supported the Nazis out of fear and disillusionment? 

Work through questions 1 - 3 to help you make up your mind. 

1. Look carefully at Sources 3-7 and 9. For each source, write two sentences explaning whether you think it is evidence that: 

• Supports the view of Goebbels
• Supports the view of Craig
• Could be used to support either interpretation

Source 3: This Source, I think is supporting the "negative cohesion" because it shows that when unemployment is rising exponentially, so does the Nazi Party votes in the Reichstag, which means that when there are poor conditions and people are not happy, the Nazi Party gains power because of its views against the Weimar Republic and SPD and KPD Parties, which means that people are sharing a common enemy. 

Source 4: This quote supports the view of Goebbels because it shows the point of view of an elderly person agreeing with the order and discipline of the Storm troopers (associated with the Nazi Party), which is an Nazi ideology, so therefore a positive way of agreeing with the Nazi policies and standpoints. Basically she says that order in times of chaos and poverty is hope for the future and good to see. 

Source 5: This poster supports Craig's point of view because the propaganda of the Nazi Party revolved around blaming others for Germany's misfortune, and so going against the Treaty of Versailles gives Germans something or someone to blame, and therefore people unite over a common dislike or hatred, such as a Treaty. 

Source 6: This picture shows the immense suport for the Nazi Party, which doesn't prove much for either side of the argument, so therefore it is neutral. This picture is a representation of the Nazi followers, but we as a view cannot determine the reasoning behind the support.

Source 7: This poster supports the Craig point of view because it is yet another propaganda poster disagreeing with Communist ways, and therefore giving the Communists a bad facade and giving the Nazi Policies more support. This is negative cohesion because it is showing how terrible Communist Policies are, and if Communist policies are that bad, then Nazi Policies must not be that bad. 

Source 9: This propaganda poster both agrees with Goebbels and agrees with Craig because it describes the positive policy in which the Nazi's stand for, but then it compares the positive of the Nazi Party, to the negative policies of the other leading political parties.  This supports Goebbels because it shows how people love Nazi policies in a positive way, but then uses the negative cohesion of corruption and lying to the people (other parties) as a back up.

2. Now work through the text and other sources on pages 191-94. Make a list of examples and evidence that seem to support either viewpoint.

Negative Cohesion

-Economic Crisis (Depression) and unemployment helped Hitler and the Nazi Party use negative cohesion to find common enemies and blame opponents such as the Treaty of Versailles, "November Criminals" Communist Revolutions and Jews to find a common ground with the people and to give them something to blame for their suffering.

-With all of these circumstances in chaos in the Weimar Germany time period, Hitler started to question Weimar Governmental authority, and thought Germany needed a stronger leader.. 

-Nazi Party's 25 Points were very appealing to those in most despair, such as the elderly, the unemployed and the middle class. 

-Democratic Weimar Government was indecisive and could not agree on anything to make the German economy any better. 

-Using the failure and fear of other circumstances and parties to give false promises to the people and make them believe that things would get better if the Nazi's were brought to power. 

-Hitler didn't like the Government having thirty political parties and instead should just have one party to get everything done that needs to be done. 

-Some people thought HItler to be creepy and tending to yell a lot even at the most simplistic statements, the more educated and wealthy peoples recognized that Hitler wasn't exactly the most stable mental person.

-Hitler made a Communist Red Fighting League, like the Storm troopers, but instead used to destroy the Communist rebellion. 

3. Decide how far you agree with each of the following three statements and give them a score on a scale of 1-5. And then, write a short paragraph explaining your score for each statement.

a. Very few people fully supported the Nazis (Score =2     ) Explanation:
As soon as the Depression hit Weimar Germany, Hitler became a demagogue and promised false changes and traditional views to the democratic Weimar Germany. He used the panic and poverty of the times to bring down other political parties and point out their flaws while he promised good recognizable policies that resembled the Kaiser. This gave the Nazi Party lots of publicity and therefore they had a lot of supporters.

b. The Key factor was the economic depression. Without it, the Nazis would have remained a minority fringe party. (Score = 5    ) Explanation:
 As it turns out, when the Weimar Republic was prosperous and successful under Stresemann and before the depression radical political parties were not nearly as popular as the democratic Weimar Republic government. Then, just as the Depression hit, Hitler used the hard times as a catalyst for his policies and undermining of other parties because many German's were unhappy with the governmental decisions. Then, it shows that as the Depression starts to get better, radical groups popularity drops dramatically. 

c. The politicians of the Weimar Republic were mainly responsible for the rise of the Nazis 

(Score = 2     ) Explanation: 

No, I find this not true because they were doing things correctly, it was the Democratic system that the Weimar Government was built under that was flawed and therefore gave way to accusations such as this. Proportional Representation prevented politicians from all parties in the Reichstag from accomplishing anything and then Article 48 had to be used often to compensate. Also, the Weimar Politicians were called "November Criminals" and falsely accused of Stabbing the German Army in the Back, which was all Nazi Propaganda.

Nazi Ideology

Ideology: A statement of broad principles and vision for the future

Key questions to consider when analyzing the ideology of a leader:

• What ideas are proposed?
• What issues or grievances do they address?
• Do they represent a new form or structure for the society?
• Do they introduce entirely new concepts, values or goals to the society?
• Have they been inspired by a particular individual, school of thought or philosophy?
• How relevant or effective are they in attracting support within the local, regional and international community?
• Is it revolutionary, visionary, or inspirational?
• Can it inspire support, cause excitement? Does it appeal to broad sectors of society? Who does it attract?
• Which groups in the society will feel challenged or threatened by the new ideas?

The Nazi Party or the 'Socialist Workers Party" was far right conservative party that believed in a strong central government, and less contact from the people, therefore a single leader (Fuhrer)would lead away from the ideals of a democracy and towards Nazi ideals and conservationism (far right). They used the pseudo-party name to trick the public into thinking that the Nazi's were a good party that supported the working class and gave them rights, which was nothing close to the ideals of the Nazi Party as seen above. The Nazi Party believed in extreme German Nationalism, which entailed loyalty to the country of Germany and therefore to the Fuhrer, but yet expressed the value of equality when Social Darwinism was one of their major ideals. Social Darwinism was included in the 25 points of the Nazi system that included Jews, foreigners, and immigrants. Social Darwinism in the Nazi's case, is when the true German people (Aryan race) are better or higher up in the human hierarchy than Jews, foreigners and immigrants (whom were "sub-human" to Germany. This was accepted because the Nazi's felt that the Jews were liars and thieves to the wage worker because they were the land owners that needed to take away the German farmers' land when they could not afford the land, so they were portrayed as thieves.

Hitler's Ideals Expressed in Mein Kampf

Mein Kampf

Read several selections out of Hitler's Mein Kampf located on my website. Please write several paragraphs summarizing some of Hitler's views. Be sure to reference at least one paragraph (its numbered) from each section.

As you read, reflect and write. What does his writing / thinking suggest about his background and political ideas? What possible ramifications does it have for Germany if he comes to power. (Remember, when he wrote this he was still a relatively obscure person and the Nazi party was almost non-existent.)

Volume 1, Chapter 6 Summary of View
-propaganda does not rely on the individual planning, but on calling everyone to the attention of certain facts and issues at hand. 
-you must skillfully play with propaganda, because you must try to convince everyone that the fact is real. 
-propaganda relies on understanding the emotional ideas of everyone, so that you can reach the heart of the people. 
One of the ways in which Hitler came into power was by propaganda, and effectively tricking the people to believe in his cause by relating with them on an emotional level and economic crises was a heavy influence to believing the Nazi Party propaganda.


Volume 1, Chapter 10 Summary of View
-The War is the cause of present evil. 
-Jews should be blamed- they always lie and there a religion and a race?
-Jewish business men are the alienation of property from the wage-worker was increased ad infinitum. 
-The press was actively engaged in sabotaging the German people and the German Reich
Hitler could use the war to blame the left for being "November Criminals" and take use of "the stab in the back." He also was angered with the Jews because they always lie and keep money for themselves as the economy suffered. Takes jobs away from the German people and harms the Reichstag. 


Volume 1, Chapter 11 Summary of View
-The superior race must not breed with people not of that superior races, no inferior-superior breeding because it risks the superiority's greatness. 
-The consequence of a superior race is that it will eliminate other various races because they are not superior. 
-No more than Nature desires the mating of weaker with stronger individuals, even less does she desire the blending of a higher with a lower race
-Perfect Aryan race
-Jewish menace.
Hitler will use the race card later on because he can persuade people to be as racist as he is and use propaganda to help turn fact into reality, such as Jewish people are bad, and a perfect Aryan race deserves to be stronger and better than anyone else. 


Volume 1, Chapter 14 Summary of Views
-must be strong with foreign policy so Germany can keep its land and colonies. 
? 

The Munich Putsch and the Nazis 25-Point Program

The Munich Putsch

1. Finish / Transcribe your paragraph response to the failed Munich Putsch. You started it / completed it during class today. Please keep in mind that next week you will be asked an open-ended question regarding the causes and significance of the Munich Putsch.
I think that the Munich Putsch was not a failure because when Hitler was arrested after his trail, he was no longer just known in Bavaria, but now nation wide in Germany and it was great publicity for the Nazi Party, and Hitler by the end transformed this “failure attempt at takeover” into an accomplishment because people recognized him for his nationalism. Hitler also, got many supporters from the publicity and will start to become more active after his prison sentence with new ideas of turning against the government, with not revolt, but rumors about the opponents that would cause the citizens to turn against the government, especially at the height of the economic crises in Germany. People wanted to blame someone for their suffering, so Hitler (demagogue) will take advantage of this.

The Nazis 25-point Program

2. Based on the 25-point Program, what were the main ideas of the NSDAP when Hitler joined it? (He helped framed these points after joining in 1919, along with Nazi founder Anton Drexler. Hitler would replace Drexler as leader in 1921.)  The 25-point Program is at my website. Please keep in mind that on next week's exam you will be asked to discuss the main ideas of the NSDAP.

The first main point that the Nazi party was based on when Hitler joined it was the unification of Germany and Austria because by the Treaty of Versailles Austria and Germany were not allowed to unify and become one state because the country of Germany-Austria would be too powerful, and therefore, Germany would not be as crippled as if was before. Germany needed Austria's resources. Another Nazi ideal was to destroy the Treaty of Versailles and the limits and restrictions that it put on Germany, and this prevented Germany from holding an offensive army and navy, instead of being limited to 100,000 men and therefore being solely for defensive purposes (creating a national army). Germany wanted to regain its strength and take back its land and territories (lebensraum), industrial strength and army in which they were so proud of before the war in order for the nation to expand. Another strong Nazi ideal was anti-semitism, which meant that Jewish people could not be German citizens or a "member of the race" which was Social Darwinism because the Nazis believed that people of true German descent were the better humans and the other foreigners and Jews were "sub-human." Also, in order for Germany to get back to its standards before the war, every able body must work to get their money and therefore inhibit Nationalization of industry, in which Germany needed in order to get back to being the world power that it was and to support the economy. Also, Nazi's believed that education should be taught the "German way," which would be based on the governments opinion of what is German (Nazi ideals). Nazi's would also encourage athleticism and fitness so that Germany may be a power house of able bodied and disciplined beings, and therefore stronger people. Finally, Nazi's outlawed child labor to protect the child and the mother in difficult times in the economy like in the 1920's (economic crisis at its height). 

The Birth of the Weimar Republic

1. Why was it called the Weimar Republic and not the Berlin Republic? 
It was called the Weimar Republic because the first governmental meeting was held in the small town of Weimar instead of the German capitol of Berlin because even in 1919 Berlin was thought to be too violent and unstable to hold a governmental meeting without causing an outrage. 

2. What new rights did Friedrich Ebert promise the German people?

Fredrich Ebert promised that the new republic would give the German people the freedom of speech, freedom of worship, and better working conditions, and a new constitution was drawn up. 

3. Hey, a democracy. Sounds great! Why was this a shock to the Germany peoples' systems?

It was a shock to many German people because they were used to the traditional autocratic German system of government to the new democratic system. 

4. What positions did the opposition on the right hold that restricted Friedrich Ebert's new government?

The right wing (Kaiser's advisers) had held their positions in the army, judiciary, civil service and industry, which restricted what the new government could do.

5. What was the name of "powerful myth" that developed and what "evidence" was there to support the myth?

The powerful myth that developed was called "The Stab in the Back" which stated that Ebert had stabbed Germany in the back and caused the defeat in the war.

6. Study Source 3: What position was Ebert elected to in Jan. 1919? Who elected him?

Ebert was elected President in 1919 of the Weimar Republic by the German people.


7. Study Source 3: How would a Chancellor gain power in the Weimar Republic? (Why you need to know this: By 1933 Hitler will have this job.)
If the Chancellor got the approval and support of the Reichstag, who approved the laws coming from the Chancellor and President and people, then the Chancellor could pass any law he wanted to pass. 

Impact of WWI on Germany

Make a list of the challenges facing Friedrich Ebert when he became the leader of Germany following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II on Nov. 9, 1918.

Organize the challenges as follows:

Political Challenges
-Germany had a revolution and became an unstable democratic-republic.
-Stresses of war caused the revolution in October-November and kicked the Kaiser in 1918.
-Many ex-soldiers and civilians despised the new democratic leaders and came to believe that the heroic leader Field Marshall Hindenburg had been betrayed by weak politicians.  




Social Challenges
-War left millions of widows and children fatherless.
-Women had to replace the soldiers that died in the war that used to work in the factories which was controversial because it threatened traditional housewife perspective of women.
-The war had deepened divisions in society.
-The gap between the rich and poor widened because the factory workers had restrictions on the amount of pay they received, while factory owners made vast fortunes from the war.






Economic Challenges
1. Germany was basically bankrupt
-National income was about at 1/3 of what it had been in 1913.
-By 1925 the state was spending 1/3 of its budget on war pensions.
-Industrial production was 2/3 of what it was in 1913.

Germans React Angrily to the Treaty

Under each of the following six points briefly explain why Germany reacted so angrily to the Treaty of Versailles.

1. Germans were no aware of the situation in 1919.
-In 1919 many Germans did not know how bad Germany's military situation was at the end of the war, and therefore only thought a ceasefire was called upon and the German's should of been at the PPC. 

-People were mad that they were not being represented at the PPC and they were forced to sign a harsh treaty without a comment or choice.

-People did not think they started or lost the war ( see above).

2. War guilt and reparations
-The German people felt that the war guilt should at least be shared. 

-Germany was forced to accept the blame for starting the war, and therefore were forced to pay reparations to the Allies.
-German economy was already in bad condition and the people barely had food to eat.
-They feared that the reparation payments would cripple Germany's economy. 

3. Disarmament
-The little amount of men that could volunteer to be in the army was 100,000 which upset Germans because their army was a symbol of German pride.

-Hitler will rebuild army and will gain respect from a widespread amount of Germans. 

4. German territories
-Losing all of German territories was another blow to the German pride and to it's economy.

-Saar and Upper Silesia were major industrial areas, and they were taken away.

-Germany was losing land while Britain and France were increasing their empires.

5. Fourteen Points and League
-The Treatment of Germany was "not in Wilson's Fourteen Points."

-Self-Determination was given to Eastern European peoples and countries such as Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, but the German peoples were discriminated against and had to be ruled by non-Germans when living in a different country.

-Austria and Germany could not join together.

-Germany felt insulted because they could not join the League of Nations as well.

6. Double Standards?

-People accused Germany of having "double standards" because they pleaded that the Treaty was unfair and harsh, but yet they treated Russia harshly as well in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 (the Russian treaty was much harsher.)
-Germany's economy was in real trouble, but partially self-inflicted.
-Other states raised taxes in order to pay of war debt, but the Kaiser government planned on extracting payments from other defeated countries reparations.

Germany is "Punished" by the Big Three at Versailles

1. Using information and sources on pages 14 - 17, summarize the aims of the three leaders at the Paris Peace Conference. 

Georges Clemenceau (France)

Attitude towards Germany: 
His country was invaded twice by the Germans and killed a lot of the French army, and destroyed lots of it's industry, land and self-confidence, which was devastating to France and made France and Germany enemies. Germany was very powerful and threatening to many of the French. 



Main Aim: 
He was determined to never allow such devastation to France ever again, and he saw the Treaty of Versailles as an opportunity to cripple Germany so that it could not attack France again. 



How he felt about the treaty
He was a realist, but knew that he would probably be forced to compromise on some issues by the US and Britain. Even so, he still demanded that the treaty weaken Germany as much as possible. (France and USA clashed ideas). In the end, France got it's way with Germany.

Woodrow Wilson (United States)

Attitude towards Germany: 
Believed that Germany should be punished, but not that harshly. His view was if Germany was treated too harshly, then one day when they do recover, they would want revenge.



Main Aim: 
Seen as an idealist and wanted to build a better and more peaceful world from the ruins of the war.  Wilson's main aim was to strengthen democracy in the defeated nations so that its people would not let their leaders lead them into another war.


How he felt about the treaty
He did not cancel the debts owed to the USA by Britain and its allies so he could put pressure on them to accept his ideas (did not get pushed around). He though nations should cooperate if they wanted to achieve world peace, so he set up his Fourteen Points. Believed that self-determination would help the cause if all countries ruled themselves and countries formed a "League of Nations." (France and USA clashed ideas). In the end he had to give them )France and Britain their wishes for Germany, but he got his wish for self-determination for Europe.

David Lloyd George (Great Britain)

Attitude towards Germany: 
He wants Germany to be punished, but not too harshly as well.  Wants Germany to lose it's navy and it's colonies because they threatened the British empire. Does not want Germany to get revenge after they regain their strength. 



Main Aim: 
Stop Germany from being a threat to the British empire, but wants them to start trading again (meant jobs for the British people).


How he felt about the treaty: 
He was in the middle of Clemenceau and Wilson's ideals. Wanted Germany to be punished, but not to the point where they would want revenge, so he is playing for both sides, but more towards France. (Punished Germany). Did not agree with some of Wilson's Fourteen points.

Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles against Germany

2. Read pages 18 - 19. Summarize the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles: 

War Guilt:
Germany was blamed for starting the Great War.


Reparations:
All three agreed that Germany had to pay reparations to the Allies for damage caused by the war (6, 600 million).


German Territories and Colonies:
Germany's overseas empire was taken away from them. It was the cause of bad relations between Britain and Germany before the war. German colonies became mandates owned by the "League of Nations," which meant that France and Britain controlled them. Forbade Germany from forming together with Austria and they had to change their European borders.


Germany's Armed Forces:
Germany's military power was a major concern for all powers, so they decided to knock it down a couple of levels by: 
-Limiting their army to 100, 000 men. 
-Conscription was banned: the men had to be volunteers. 
-Germany was not allowed armoured vehicles, submarines or aircraft. 
-Their navy could only build 6 battleships. 
-The Rhineland became a demilitarized zone (border between Germany and France). No German troops allowed.


League of Nations:
Set up an "international police force" and Germany was not allowed into the League of Nations until it proved itself to be a peace-loving country. 

The German Revolution

1. Using the documents in Chapter 1 as evidence, list the ways in which conditions in Germany worsened during the war.
-protests were not posted to newspapers- news and media were controlled by government
-antiwar demonstrations were illegal
-resources were scarce (firewood, coal, gas)
-British blockades prevented food from coming into Germany
-Winter of 1916-17 was a harsh one and destroyed potato harvest- turnip alternative. 
-Soldiers were in need of food as well. 
-Mutiny on naval vessels because food rations were cut.

2. Give two reasons why the war caused such bad conditions for German civilians.
The war caused such bad conditions for the German civilians because the British blockade prevented food ships from docking at German ports, so therefore they were starving and there was also power shortages.  Also, the government made it so that the civilians could not protest the war, by making anti-war demonstrations illegal.

3. After reading Chapter 2, give two reasons why Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on November 10, 1918.
One reason why Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated was because he had no control of Germany anymore because all his military generals went against his word and committed mutiny, which spread from the coast, inland and people started to form their own governmental systems in their towns. Another reason was because the allied countries of France, Britain and USA were waiting for Germany to collapse, but instead Wilhelm could make an agreement whilst he had moderate control of the people, which did not end in his favor.

4. Using the information you have read in this chapter, give evidence to support the statement that there was "revolution all over Germany."
The revolution began with sailors on naval vessels to refuse to go to battle with the enemy, then they were arrested and others protested against (held a meeting) the sentences they were to face for mutiny, and soon workers and sailors began to take over the coastal towns by mutiny and then it started to spread inland to towns and cities where they had started to make mini governments, hence the "revolution all over Germany."

5. Study the information about the German Socialists in Chapter 2, page 5. What did the three Socialist groups have in common? 
All three Socialist groups had the exact same aim: to improve workers' conditions, and to give democratic rights to all Germans (ie right to vote), their methods were all very different.

6. In what ways were the Socialist groups different.
The Socialist groups were separated by their methods of obtaining their goals or aims for the country. For example: The Social Democratic Party's method was to get parliament to pass reforms, while the Independent  Socialists' method was to organize strikes in order to force parliament to make reforms. Finally, the Spartacists' method was to completely overthrow the government.

7. After reading Chapter 3 make a time chart of the events of the German Revolution from Nov. 10, 1918 to Jan. 15, 1919. You should be able to find six events.
1. Kaiser Wilhelm had abdicated on Nov. 10, 1918, leaving Germany without a leader. 
2. New Years Eve, 1918; The Spartacist Party changed their name to The German Communist Party
3. January 6, 1919 The German Communist Party started it's revolution. 
4. January 10, 1919 the Free Corps and The German Communist Party fought in the streets for three days.
5. January 15, 1919 the Free Corps arrested Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht and murdered them. 
6. February 11, 1919 Ebert was elected President of the Weimar Republic. 


8. At what time would you say the Communists had their best chance of seizing power? Explain your answer.
I think the Communists had their best chance of seizing power when the sailors were angry and frustrated with Ebert because he didn't give them high enough pay in order to survive, so therefore, the Communists should of made deals with the angered sailors while they could and that way, they would of made allies with the potential enemy. 

Russia, 1861-1905

1. List the general goals of the:

a. socialists- Hoped to create a classless society that would end the suffering of the peasants in the lower class. Taking the "means of production" also was a desired goal in which the people had their goods regulated by the state or government. More pro-peasant than pro-nobility.



b. liberal reformers- They believed that western constitutional practices would solve Russia's problems of injustice in the past.



2. List three characteristics of serfs' lives.
Three characteristics of serf's lives were that they were almost as lowly as slaves in some cases, working for the nobility for a place to stay and eat. They were also very mercilessly exploited and had no rights or freedoms, and were most commonly uneducated laborers. Usually the interest of the entire family came before the individual and they lived without communication to the outside world.

3. List four reforms of Tsar Alexander II.
His first reform was to get rid of serfdom in Russia by liberating the surfs and selling them allotments with 49 year mortgages. His second reform was introducing trial by jury and relaxed censorship laws. He also elected assemblies to fix issues such as  road maintenance, primary education, taxation and irrigation. His forth reform was setting up state-run industries in order to close the gap of industrial revolution between Russia and the West, along with modernizing transportation. 

4. Why did the populists go "to the people" in 1873-1874? 
The populists "went to the people (peasants)" in 1873-1874 because they desired to make a personal connection with the peasants so they could gain supporters of their revolutionary cause.


5. List two consequences of the famine of 1891.
The famine struck 36 million peasants who lived in the Russian empire. This, made the peasants bitter towards the government because the tsar encouraged people to export their grain instead of feeding it to their families. People were hungry and dying, and then political tensions were running high on top of it all.


6. Why was Karl Marx important to Russian intellectuals?
Karl Marx was important to Russian intellectuals because they failed at going "to the people" to persuade them to change, so they thought that complete transformation of their society would be better for Russia,especially in the time of a famine (it explained the famine). They liked how Marx explained the social world systematically and straight forward and a classless society with equality sounded like a good idea to peasants, through education and learning they would understand. It also appealed to intellectuals because it's European ideals would make Russia as successful as the rest of Europe.


7. What were the Goals and Methods of the following political groups in early twentieth century Russia? (see page 8 of the reading)
a. Liberal Democrats
Suggested reforming into a Western European system of government, and valued individual liberties and saw the role of the state as protecting the rights of the citizens.



b. Socialist Revolutionaries
Worked to gather support from the peasants and lower class because their ideals appealed more to them, the uneducated and poor to encourage a revolutionary change. But the Socialist Revolutionaries were more extreme than regular socialists, they wanted to replace the monarchy with a democratic republic and socialize all land and put it in communes. They brought violence to the government and assassinated many people to get the point across. 


c. Social Democrats
Racialists that believed in Marxism. Lenin was a leader of this group and believed that a successful revolution depended on revolutionary intellectuals building a stronger sense of working-class moral among workers. Goal was to lead the workers (key to Russia's success) to lead a revolution.

8. How did Bloody Sunday change people's attitudes toward the Tsar?
After the Tsar's troops murdered 200 innocent people for peacefully protesting, people started to not think that the tsar was a godly benefactor, but more as an evil tyrant.


9. List four reforms in Tsar Nicholas's October Manifesto. 
A couple of reforms included in the October Manifesto is the expansion of civil liberties, a limited monarchy, a legislature elected by universal suffrage, and legalization of trade unions and political parties. 

The Seeds of Conflict

1. Define "The West." Make sure you could identify several countries as examples.


"The West" are the capitalist countries of Europe and North America during post WWII, also known as the Cold War. The USA was the so called "principal power" of the West during this time period. Some examples of countries that were capitalist during the Cold War are France, Britain and the USA. 

2. Explain the differences in the economic ideology between the West and the USSR.


The USSR was leading the world's first socialist state, which would have communist economic principles which directly opposed the West's ideals. For instance, the USSR didn't like the gap in classes. Communists believed that all factories, businesses and land should be taken over by the government on behalf of the people, where as capitalists believed that private enterprise was better because individuals would have the freedom to own their own businesses and keep most of the profit. To capitalists, communism threatened their hard earned cash. 

3. Explain the differences in the political ideology between the West and the USSR.

The West was the symbol of Liberal Democracies which meant that the political system was valued because it gave the people freedoms and the choice to choose the government in which they thought was best for their country, as well as to kick a leader out of office. The USSR was completely opposed to a Liberal Democracy, so they decided that the only way to make things fair and equal in a one-class society was if there was only one political party (communist party) and the government was going to rule on behalf of the people. (No rights?). 


4. What was the Comintern (Communist International) and why did it concern the West.

Comintern was an organization set up in 1919 to set up communists political parties and groups worldwide in an effort to undermine the capitalism so that the Communist party may rise and conquer. This concerned the West because the entire effort of Comintern was to uproot capitalist values and spread communistic values to other countries so the communist party may grow stronger. 


5. What occurred during the Russian Civil War (1918-21) that solidified the opposition between the West and the Communists? (Be specific and use key details.)

The hostility between the West and the USSR was solidified when they supported "The Whites" (fighting against communistic takeover)  in the Russian Civil War against the Bolshevik Red Army (supported communistic takeover) along with many capitalistic governments in hopes that The Whites would win and Lenin would not rule. But in the end Lenin's Red Army survived the Civil War and the experience highlighted issues between the two superpowers. The USSR was scared that the West would contemplate military action and support whenever an opportunity might rise.